Orientational Metaphors in Italian, Spanish and Serbian Phraseologisms with the Component eye

Marija N. Vujović

doi:10.21618/fil2430201v

Authors

Marija N. Vujović

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.21618/fil2430201v

Keywords:

orientational metaphors, phraseologisms, somatisms, eye, Italian, Spanish, Serbian

Abstract

Spatial relations, more precisely the formation of concepts related to spatial orientation and the study of phraseologisms in which they are based, represent a relevant, but insufficiently examined part of cognitive research. The paper deals with orientational conceptual metaphors in the phraseologisms of two Romance languages (Italian and Spanish) and one Slavic language (Serbian) that have a somatic component eye their lexical composition. According to the cognitive-semantic approach, conceptual metaphor is one of the basic organizational principles of the human conceptual system. On the other hand, the lexeme eye represents one of the phraseologically most productive somatisms. The aim of the research is to identify the most common orientational metaphors in phraseologisms with a component eye in three typologically (un)related languages, to establish how consistently they follow the postulates of cognitive metaphor theory and to determine whether the analyzed orientational metaphors are universal or culturally determined, having in mind that orientational metaphors in somatic phraseologisms are not motivated exclusively by bodily experience, but have, like all other conceptual metaphors, a sociocultural basis. The analysis of the excerpted corpus shows that the following metaphors induce the creation of phraseologisms: good is up, bad is down; good is near, bad is far; good is right, bad is left; good is front, bad is back and good is shallow, bad is deep. In the largest number of examples of phraseologisms with a component eye the polarization good - bad, it is in accordance with the postulates of cognitive metaphor theory where up, near, right, front and shallow are understood as positive, and down, far, left, back and deep as negative, which can explain the existence of identical or similar phraseologisms in genetically (un)related languages. The analysis also reveals that orientational metaphors often appear with another conceptual metaphor (or metonymy). Finally, in the majority of cases, phraseologisms in which one of the orientation metaphors is activated have no objective connection with real space. They are formed on the basis of human conventional knowledge and as a consequence of man's conceptualization of reality

References

Basso, H. K. (1991) Le „parole sagge” degli apache occidentali: metafora e Teoria semantica. In: Cacciari, C. (Ed.) Teorie della metafora. L’acquisizione, la comprensione, e l’uso del linguaggio figurato. Milano, Raffaello Cortina Editore, pp. 329–361.

Burnet, J. (1920) Early greek philosophy. London, A & C Black.

Cacciari, C. (1991) La metafora: da evento del linguaggio a struttura del pensiero. In: Cacciari, C. (Ed.) Teorie della metafora. L’acquisizione, la comprensione, e l’uso del linguaggio figurato. Milano, Raffaello Cortina Editore, pp. 1–27.

Casadei, F. (1996) Metafora ed espressioni idiomatiche. Uno studio semantico sull’italiano. Roma, Bulzoni.

Casasanto, D. (2009) Embodiment of abstract concepts: Good and bad in right-and left-handers. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. 138 (3), 351–367.

Chevalier, J. & Gheerbrant, A. (2018) Diccionario de los símbolos. Barcelona, Titivillus.

Cirlot, J. E. (2018) Diccionario de símbolos. Madrid, Ediciones Siruela.

Dragićević, R. (2007) Leksikologija srpskog jezika. Beograd, Zavod za udžbenike.

Drobnjak, D., Snežana G. & Ksenija Š. (2018) Frazemi sa somatizmom glava u francuskom, španskom i srpskom jeziku. Konceptualno polje ‘čovekovo ponašanje’. Godišnjak Filozofskog fakulteta u Novom Sadu. XLIII (2), 165–180.

Evans, V. & Green, M. (2006) Cognitive Linguistics. An Introduction. Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press Ltd.

Filipović-Kovačević, S. (2013) Implicirana značenja u reklamama na engleskom i srpskom jeziku. Novi Sad, Filozofski fakultet.

Fink Arsovski, Ž. (2002) Poredbena frazeologija: pogled izvana i iznutra. Zagreb, FF press.

Jovanović V. & Baucal, А. (2012) Pojmovna metafora sagledana iz sociokulturne perspektive. Sintezis. IV(1), 133–156.

Кlikovac, D. (2000) Semantika predloga – studija iz kognitivne lingvistike. Beograd, Filološki fakultet.

Klikovac, D. (2004) Metafore u mišljenju i jeziku. Beograd, Biblioteka XX vek.

Kovačević, B. & Ramadanović, E. (2016) Lijevo‒desno, ispred‒iza i gore‒dolje u hrvatskoj frazeologiji. In: Kržišnik, E., Jakop, N. & Jemec Tomazin, M. (Eds.) Prostor in Čas v Frazeologiji. Ljubljana, Univerza v Ljubljani, pp. 53–72.

Kövecses, Z. (2005) Metaphor in Culture. Universality and Variation. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.

Kövecses, Z. (2010) Metaphor. A Practical Introduction. Second edition. Oxford, Oxford Universtity Press.

Lakoff, G. & Johnson, M. (1980a) Metaphors We Live By. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.

Lakoff, G. & Johnson, M. (1980b) Conceptual Metaphor in Everyday Language. The Journal of Philosophy. 77(8), 453-486.

Lakoff, G. (1993) The contemporary theory of metaphor. In: Ortony, A. (Ed.) Metaphor and Thought. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 202–252.

Laponce, Jean A. (1981) Left and Right: The Topography of Political Perceptions. Toronto, University of Toronto Press.

Milanović, S. (2014) Frazeologizmi s komponentom oko: univerzalno i specifično. Naučni sastanak slavista u Vukove dane. 43(1), 385-393.

Nikolić, M. (2014) Kategorija stepena u srpskom jeziku: složena rečenica. Beograd, Institut za srpski jezik SANU.

Pascual López, X. (2006) Lo que veo, bien lo creo. La vista en la fraseología Española de origen latino. Némesis. Revista de Humanidades. 17, s.d.

Pérez Paredes, M. (2009) Caracterización semántico-sintáctica de las partes del cuerpo en español. Doktorska disertacija. México, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.

Piper, P. (1997) Jezik i prostor. Beograd, Biblioteka XX vek.

Prodanović-Stankić, D. (2009) Pojmovna metonimija i metafora u značenjima lekseme srce u srpskom jeziku. Godišnjak Filozofskog fakulteta. 34, 77–87.

Rasulić, K. (2004) Jezik i prostorno iskustvo. Beograd, Filološki fakultet.

Soriano Salinas, C. (2012) La metáfora conceptual. In: Ibarretxe Antuñano, I. & Valenzuela, J. (Eds.) Lingüística Cognitiva. Barcelona, Anthropos Editorial, pp. 87–109.

Stanojčić, Ž. & Popović, Lj. (1992) Gramatika srpskog jezika. Beograd, Zavod za udžbenike i nastavna sredstva.

Sveto Pismo Staroga i Novoga Zavjeta ‒ Biblija. Beograd, Sveti Arhijerejski Sinod Srpske Pravoslavne Crkve. https://svetosavlje.org/bogosluzbeni/sveto-pismo/

Štrbac, G. (2012) Semantička obeležja frazeologizama s leksemom oko. Godišnjak Filozofskog fakulteta u Novom Sadu. XXVII, 323–335.

Štrbac, G. (2018) Frazeologija o čoveku i čovek u frazeologiji. Novi Sad, Filozofski fakultet u Novom Sadu.

Tolstoj, N. I. (1995) Jezik slovenske kulture. Niš, Prosveta.

Trebješanin, Ž. (1991) Predstava o detetu u srpskoj kulturi. Beograd, Srpska književna zadruga.

Trebješanin, Ž. (2018) Stereotip majke u srpskom jeziku. Etnoantropološki problemi. 13(1), 155-167.