THE USE OF FEMALE NOMINA AGENTIS IN JOB ADVERTISEMENTS – A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE SERBIAN AND MODERN GREEK LANGUAGE

Antonina  V. Kostić

doi:10.21618/fil2225143k

Autor/innen

Antonina V. Kostić University of Belgrade Faculty of Philology Department of Modern Greek Studies

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.21618/fil2225143k

Schlagworte:

gender sensitive language, labour market, language and gender, Serbian language, Мodern Greek language

Abstract

Language, apart from being a means of communication, is also an important medium for conveying meaning and shaping social and cultural patterns. Additionally, language plays an important role in defining notions such as gender and gender equality (Filipović, 2009; Cameron, 2003). In an era of active participation of women in the labour market, it is important to examine the impact of language on their position in society and their access to various fields (Stout, Dasgupta, 2011). The way in which employers advertise open job positions gives us a great insight into this topic. The aim of this paper is to examine the use of gender-sensitive language in job titles on four search engines in Serbia and Greece. This paper seeks to investigate the extent to which titles of female positions are represented, bearing in mind that the choice of linguistic elements has an impact on the perception of the market reality and the motivation of future employees. Specifically, the focus of the paper lies in the areas of accounting, customer support, translation, insurance, management, marketing, economics and science. Тhe findings are compared within two culturally and socially close contexts, in order to draw conclusions about the position of women in the labour market. The results of the analysis confirm the hypotheses, that is the examined job titles are rarely in line with gender-sensitive language. It was also found that the use of nomina agentis exclusively in the masculine gender is more common in the case of higher positions, especially in the field of management. The paper provides insights into the current situation with which women come into contact when searching for jobs in certain areas. Moreover, the study provides a basis for further research on the relationship between language and gender in the social Serbian and Greek context, respectively.

Literaturhinweise

Bybee, Joan (1985), Morphology. A study of the relation between meaning and form, Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins. Dostupno na: https://bit.ly/3FQ3k8O (poslednji pristup 20. 1. 2022).

Bussmann, Hadumod, Marlis Hellinger (2003), Gender across languages: The linguistic representation of women and men, Amsterdam: J. Benjamins.

Bem, Sandra, Daryl Bem (1973), „Does Sex-biased Job Advertising ‘Aid and Abet’ Sex Discrimination?”, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 3(1), 6–18. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1973.tb01290.x

Bergvall, Victoria (1999), „Toward a comprehensive theory of language and gender”, Language in society, 273–293. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4168929

Bosak, Janine, Sabine Sczesny, Alice Eagly (2012), „The impact of social roles on trait judgments: A critical reexamination”, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38, 429–440. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167211427308

Cameron, Deborah (2003), „Gender Issues in Language Change”, Annual review of applied linguistics, 23, 187–201. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0267190503000266

Eckert, Penelope (1989), „The whole woman: Sex and gender diﬀerences in variation”, Language variation and change, 1(3), 245–267. Dostupno na: https://stanford.io/3FLhYOA (poslednji pristup 15. 1. 2022).

Filipović, Jelena (2009), „Rodno osetljive jezičke politike: teorijske postavke i metodološki postupci”, Anali Filološkog fakuteta, 21, 109–117.

Filipović, Jelena (2018), „Rod u društvu i jeziku”, u: Moć reči: Ogledi iz kritičke sociolingvistike, Beograd: Zadužbina Andrejević.

Hamilton, Mykol (1988), „Using masculine generics: Does generic he increase male bias in the user’s imagery?” Sex Roles, 19 (11–12), 785–799. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00288993

Hodel, Lea, Magdalena Formanowicz, Sabine Sczesny, Jana Valdrová, Lisa von Stockhausen (2017), „Gender fair language in job advertisements: A cross-linguistic and cross-cultural analysis”, Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 48(3), 384–401. DOI:10.1177/0022022116688085

Holmes, Janet (1996), „Women's role in language change: A place for quantifcation”, in: Gender and belief systems: Proceedings of the fourth Berkeley women and language conference, Berkeley, CA: Berkeley Women and Language Group, University of California, 19‒21.

Iordanidou, Anna, Elena Mantzari (2005). „Τα θηλυκά επαγελματικά ουσιαστικά: γλωσσική χρήση και τυποποίηση”, 5ο Συνέδριο „Εληνική Γλώσσα και Ορολογία“, Κύπρος: Λευκωσία.

Martyna, Wendy (1978), „Using and understanding the generic masculine: A social psychological approach to language and the sexes”, Dissertation Abstracts International, 39, 3050.

Maass, Anne, Luciano Arcuri (1996), „Stereotyping and language”, in: Macrae, C., Stangor, C. and Hewstone, M. (Eds.), Stereotypes and stereotyping, New York, NY: Guilford Press, 193–226.

Savić, Svenka, Marijana Čanak, Veronika Mitro, Gordana Štasni (2009), Rod i jezik, Ženske studije i istraživanja.

Santen, Ariane (2003), „How feminine is a linguist? On the meaning of non-feminine names of professions”, LOT Occasional Series, 1, 7–26. Dostupno na: https://bit.ly/33W1JkJ (poslednji pristup 15. 1. 2022).

Sapir, Edward (1929), „The status of linguistics as a science”, Language, 5, 207–214. Dostupno na: https://bit.ly/3KtlcKg (poslednji pristup 17. 1. 2022).

Stahlberg, Dagmar, Friederike Braun, Lisa Irmen, Sabine Sczesny (2007), „Representation of the sexes in language”, Social communication, 163–187. Dostupno na: https://bit.ly/3qN6PZA (poslednji pristup 18. 1. 2022).

Stout, Jane, Nilanjana Dasgupta (2011), „When he doesn’t mean you: Genderexclusive language as ostracism”, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37, 757–769. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167211406434

Sczesny, Sabine, Magda Formanowicz, Franziska Moser (2016), „Can Gender-Fair Language Reduce Gender Stereotyping and Discrimination?” Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 25–36. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00025

Triandaflidis, Manolis (1953), „Η βουλευτίνα και ο σχηματισμός των θηλυκών επαγγελματικών”, στο: Άπαντα Μανόλη Τριανταφυλίδη, Ερευνητικά Β, 2ος τόμ., Θεσσαλονίκη: Ινστιτούτο Νεοεληνικών Σπουδών (Ίδρυμα Μανόλη Τριανταφυλίδη), 326–334.

Twenge, Jean, Keith Campbell, Brittany Gentile (2012), „Male and female pronoun use in US books reﬂects women’s status, 1900–2008”, Sex Roles, 67, 488–493. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-012-0194-7

Vervecken, Dries, Bettina Hannover, Ilka Wolter (2013), „Changing (S)expectations: How gender fair job descriptions impact children's perceptions and interest regarding traditionally male occupations”, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 82(3), 208–220. DOI:10.1016/j.jvb.2013.01.008

Vranić, Ivana (2017), Kritički pristup diskurzivnoj konstrukciji roda kroz obrazovanje, Beograd: Čigoja.

Wodak, Ruth, Gertraud Benke (1996), „Gender as a sociolinguistic variable: New perspectives on variation studies”, in: Coulmas, F. (Ed.), Handbook of sociolinguistics, Oxford: Blackwell, 127–150.

Whorf, Benjamin Lee (1956), Language, thought, and reality: Selected writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf ( J. B. Carroll, Ed.), Cambridge: MIT Press.

Zakon o rodnoj ravnopravnosti (2021). Službeni glasnik RS, broj 52 od 24. maja 2021. Dostupno na: https://bit.ly/36nJ02Q (poslednji pristup 24. 3. 2022).